Which type of cases do federal courts have jurisdiction over that arise under the Constitution?

Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases that arise under the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties, which are categorized as federal question cases. This jurisdiction allows federal courts to hear matters that involve the interpretation or application of federal statutes and constitutional issues.

In contrast, state question cases generally involve issues that fall exclusively within state law jurisdiction and do not pertain to federal statutes or constitutional interpretations. Diversity of citizenship cases, while also under federal jurisdiction, specifically deal with cases where parties are from different states, and the amount in controversy exceeds a certain threshold, but they do not inherently involve constitutional questions. Civil rights cases can sometimes overlap with federal question cases, especially if they involve federal statutes, but they are not exclusively defined as such. Thus, federal question cases specifically designate those matters that pertain directly to constitutional issues and federal law, making this the correct choice.