Which constitutional clause gives Congress authority to regulate interstate commerce?

The Commerce Clause grants Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce, which has been fundamental in allowing the federal government to manage trade and economic interactions that cross state lines. This clause is found in Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution and has been interpreted broadly to encompass not just the purchasing and selling of goods, but also services, transportation, and even activities that significantly affect commerce among the states.

The significance of the Commerce Clause stems from its role in promoting a national economic market and preventing states from enacting legislation that could hinder interstate trade, ensuring a level of uniformity in laws governing commerce. Over time, the Supreme Court has ruled on various cases interpreting this clause, often expanding its reach and establishing that Congress can regulate activities that might seem local but have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

Understanding the role of the Commerce Clause is crucial for grasping how federal power operates in relation to state authority, especially in economic matters. The Supremacy Clause, while important in asserting the primacy of federal law over state law, does not specifically address commercial regulation. The Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress implied powers necessary to execute its functions, but does not independently authorize commerce regulation. The Equal Protection Clause focuses on ensuring that individuals receive equal protection