How does "federalism" function in government?

Federalism functions by establishing a system of governance that divides powers and responsibilities between a national government and various state governments. This structure allows both levels of government to operate simultaneously, each with its own authority to legislate and govern within their respective domains.

The division of powers is enshrined in the U.S. Constitution, where certain powers are granted to the national government (such as the ability to declare war and regulate interstate commerce), while others are reserved for the states (such as the regulation of local affairs and education). This balance fosters a system where both governing bodies can address the needs of their constituents effectively, ensuring that governance is responsive and adaptable to local conditions while still maintaining a cohesive national policy.

This dual system of governance enables states to experiment with laws and policies that might not yet be implemented at the national level, promoting diversity and innovation in governance. Moreover, federalism serves as a check on the centralization of power, preventing any single entity from having absolute control over the governance of the country.